This article is dedicated to:

• what kinds of surface defects are the most frequent in rails and can lead to their breakage;
• which testing techniques are applied for detection of the same; analysis of effectiveness;
• what kind of NDT equipment allows to most accurately detect the described rail defects.

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Rails are one of the most important and, at the same time, most stressed elements of the railroad transport and metropolitan, since they are particularly exposed to the loading caused by the rolling stock as well as the dynamic loading. Due to the increased speed of the trains for the last years, and the increment loading of the freight cars, the development of service, fatigue-type defects in the place of contact of the train wheel with the rail head surface may occur. These are so-called “Rolling contact fatigue” (RCF) defects.

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The control of corrosion and erosion damages is one of the essential engineering tasks solving of which ensures the long performance of the objects and constructions. Moreover, despite all the measures taken to increase the corrosion resistance of materials, control and monitoring of appearance and development of corrosion and erosion damages remains one of the most important elements of the Risk Based Engineering. These tasks are relevant for almost all major industries: nuclear, thermal and hydropower, chemical and petrochemical industries, oil and gas, piping, naval, railway and automotive transport, and others.

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Significant dynamic loads on aircraft wheel rims during takeoff and landing have compelled aircraft wheel manufacturers to introduce mandatory non-destructive testing of aircraft wheels for maintenance and repair companies.

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